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Solutions to Exercise X

1) This exercise represents the shorter formula. The name of the deceased's mother is mentionned at the end.

The transcription and translation of the text go as follows:

sHD wsir irw ms n tA-Xbs

Illuminate Osiris Iru born of Takhebes.

2) This exercise represents the longer type of formula, as you probably already derived by its length. The standard parts of the formula are underlined in red:

The transcription and translation of the text go as follows:

i wSb.tj.w ipt ir ip.wj wsir imj-r p(r) n dwA.t-nTr p(A)-di-
n.t r ir.t kA.t nb(.t) m Xr.t-nTr iS.tw sDb.w
im m s r Xr.wt=f mk wi sw
///.tw tn ip.tw tn ir///
///w ir im r srwd
sx.t ir ir mH wDb.wj
r Xnt Sa.j n imn.t(j).t r iAb.t(j).t
mk wi
tn

O, Ushebties, if Osiris, the overseer of the house of the Divine Adoratrice, Pa-di-Neith, calls you
to do any task in the underworld, (if) obstacles are imposed
there like a man who has his duties, behold you will
/// you shall make yourselves accountable and do ///
/// what is done there, by cultivating
the fields, by irrigating the banks
and by transporting sand from the West to the East
(you shall say:) "Behold, here I am".

Note that the text calls upon Ushebties in plural. It has been found on an Ushebti that is likely to be considered as the chief of some other Ushebties. It is dated to the later part of the Late Dynastic Period (26th Dynasty or later).

3) This text is a variation on both types of formula. The presence of the cartouches should already have shown you that this is a royal Ushebti. It belonged to Tutankhamun. In red, I have indicated the words that you should normally have been able to recognise.

The transcription and translation of the text go as follows:

Dd in wsir nsw (nb-xpr.w-ra) sHD
SAb.tj ipn irj Hsb irj aS.tw
ip.t(w) wsir nsw (twt-anx-imn HqA iwnw Sma)
m Xr.t-nTr r ssrd sx.t r smHj wDb.w
r Xnt Sa n iAb.t r imn.t

Said by Osiris, the king (Neb-kheperu-re), who illuminates :
"These ushebties, if one reckons, if one cries
or one calls Osiris, the king (Tutankhamun, the ruler of Southern Heliopolis)
in the underworld, to cultivate the fields, to irrigate the banks
or to transport sand from East to West".

This concludes the introductory course to the language of the Ancient Egyptians. If you have gone through all the lessons, you should now be able to distinguish between the different types of signs, transcribe most texts, recognise royal names, names of gods and some stereotype formulae.

For those who wish to study hieroglyphs beyond this introduction, there is a list of recommended books at http://www.geocities.com/amenhotep.geo/bib/ in the section "Language".

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